All chemical reactions involve an energy change. We categorise reactions by the direction of this energy change. If energy is released by a reaction, the reaction is exothermic. If energy is absorbed ...

The vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is commercially produced on a large scale by thermal cracking of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) in a tubular reactor immersed in a furnace. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD ...

The industry sector is most challenging to defossilize, due to high energy and feedstock demand, large and continuously running production plants, hard-to-abate process emissions, and infrastructural ...

Physicists have upended a foundational law of materials science by heating gold to over 19,000°C — more than 14 times its ...

Our Medical Standards and Insights team has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation ...

Calorimetry is an experiment method by which the heat energy released or absorbed is measured. Conducting the experiment in a calorimeter provides more precise heat measurements. With a thick layer of ...

This work evaluated the catalytic activity of TiO2 synthesized by the Pechini method. with varying molar ratios of 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1 of citric acid/metallic cations, in the photocatalytic degradation ...

Science at Waterloo is a global leader in research that pushes the boundaries of knowledge and imagination. From black holes and quantum computing, to ensuring the health of our great lakes, or ...

Edited by Lonnie O. Ingram, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and approved January 13, 2016 (received for review August 27, 2015) ...