Ketamine is frequently used to induce analgesia or anesthesia in laboratory animals, but its effects on learning and memory are poorly characterized. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a ...

Intravenous (i.v.) anesthetics include etomidate, midazolam, propofol, thiopental, ketamine, and opioid agonists. The first four agents act by enhancing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter ...

The reliance on brain atlases for high-precision placement of injectable substances in the brain of NHPs has substantial disadvantages. To overcome the issue of inter-animal variability, we developed ...

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General anesthesia is medicine you get before surgeries that require you to be in a deep sleep-like state. It is given in stages – just before the surgery begins and then throughout the surgery to ...

Purpose: The characteristics of ideal intravenous (i.v.) and inhaled anesthetic agents; the rationale for inducing anesthesia with i.v. anesthetics (particularly propofol); therationale for inducing ...