In 1656, King Philip IV of Spain commissioned a portrait by Diego Velázquez, his longtime court artist. It’s a plain, dark portrait. The king is partly facing the observer and is only visible from the ...
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The Ruthless King Who Kidnapped the Pope
In the early 14th century, Europe witnessed a clash of power between the crown and the church unlike anything before. King Philip IV of France defied Pope Boniface VIII, challenging the authority of ...
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