1. Introduction -- 2. From Julius Caesar to simple substitution -- 3. Polyalphabetic systems -- 4. Jigsaw ciphers -- 5. Two-letter ciphers -- 6. Codes -- 7. Ciphers for spies -- 8. Producing random ...

J K Rowling’s The Hallmarked Man features the Pigpen Cipher, a centuries-old code once used by Freemasons and revolutionaries ...

Julius Caesar, an accomplished military general and cunning politician, is perhaps remembered as one of the most consequential figures who rose to power during the Roman Republic – and led to its ...